New York City property records for 82 addresses on Lodovick Ave, Bronx, NY · Last verified August 2026
| Properties | 82 |
|---|---|
| Median Sale Price | $900,000 |
| Deeds and Mortgages on File | 70 |
| Median Price per Sqft | $345 |
| Owner Occupied | 65% |
| Median Annual Tax Bill | $9,232 |
| Median Year Built | 1998 |
| Median Ownership Tenure | 18 years |
Owner names and prior sale amounts shown locked below are available instantly with a free trial.
3,264 sqft · built 1975 · 0.182 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $750,000Nov 2008 | $12,6402025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,952 sqft · built 1965 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $10,0752025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,582 sqft · built 1975 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Mar 2016 | $10,0582025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,186 sqft · built 1931 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Mar 2021 | $10,2642025 | Amount on Record Jul 2005 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,058 sqft · built 1935 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $730,000Jul 2017 | $9,6172025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 3 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,855 sqft · built 1965 · 0.172 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $500,000Sep 2017 | $12,5222025 | Amount on Record Aug 1994 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
13,540 sqft · built 1927 · 0.229 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $133,9152025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,881 sqft · built 1960 · 0.103 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $9,5012025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
3,000 sqft · built 1960 · 0.126 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $900,000Jul 2019 | $11,6802025 | Amount on Record Mar 1999 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,735 sqft · built 1935 · 0.229 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $913,000Oct 2007 | $13,9692025 | Amount on Record Aug 1996 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
3,014 sqft · built 1927 · 0.172 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $12,4892025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,712 sqft · built 1935 · 0.105 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $240,000Jan 1999 | $9,8332025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
1,680 sqft · built 1935 · 0.131 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $440,000Jun 2003 | $9,1582025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,660 sqft · built 1950 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $998,000Nov 2023 | $10,8712025 | Amount on Record Mar 2005 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,909 sqft · built 1935 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $700,000Feb 2018 | $10,1002025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,021 sqft · built 1955 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $700,000May 2017 | $10,5612025 | Amount on Record Jul 2003 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
1,837 sqft · built 1950 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —May 1997 | $9,6322025 | —Apr 1997 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,680 sqft · built 1950 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $650,000Jun 2005 | $9,8352025 | Amount on Record Apr 1999 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,011 sqft · built 1950 · 0.13 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $785,000Oct 2006 | $10,3922025 | Amount on Record Jun 1997 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
1,656 sqft · built 1935 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $680,000Nov 2012 | $8,7142025 | Amount on Record Feb 2005 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,070 sqft · built 1950 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $590,000Feb 2015 | $8,2792025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,011 sqft · built 1950 · 0.126 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Dec 2025 | $10,3922025 | Amount on Record Jul 2022 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 3 DocumentsUpdated Jul 2026 |
1,912 sqft · built 1930 · 0.128 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $875,000Jun 2017 | $7,5722025 | Amount on Record May 2003 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,011 sqft · built 1950 · 0.149 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $270,000Jan 1999 | $10,1072025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,546 sqft · built 2002 · 0.101 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $475,000Sep 2003 | $11,5842025 | —Nov 1994 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,096 sqft · built 1965 · 0.07 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $9,7492025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,096 sqft · built 1965 · 0.07 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $270,000Jan 1999 | $9,7492025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,096 sqft · built 1965 · 0.07 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $640,000Jan 2014 | $9,9202025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 5 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,096 sqft · built 1965 · 0.074 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $10,3852025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
1,912 sqft · built 1960 · 0.055 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $655,000Nov 2020 | $8,1852025 | Amount on Record Jul 2012 | 2 Names on Record | Assessor + 4 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
1,912 sqft · built 1960 · 0.055 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $660,000Dec 2020 | $8,2032025 | Amount on Record Feb 2012 | 2 Names on Record | Assessor + 4 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
1,912 sqft · built 1960 · 0.055 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Apr 2017 | $8,2032025 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
1,912 sqft · built 1960 · 0.064 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Mar 2018 | $3,9172025 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.102 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $113,500Apr 2000 | $9,3852025 | Amount on Record Apr 2000 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $600,000Apr 2017 | $10,2202025 | Amount on Record Jul 2000 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2009 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $650,000Oct 2010 | $9,3702025 | 2 Names on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $200,000Jun 2000 | $9,2522025 | 2 Names on Record | AssessorUpdated Aug 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2009 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $597,000Jan 2012 | $9,0682025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $499,000Jan 2017 | $8,1182025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $600,000Oct 2018 | $10,3592025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 3 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $730,000Nov 2016 | $8,0892025 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,189 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $761,147Oct 2016 | $8,0892025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Oct 2021 | $8,0892025 | Amount on Record Sep 2016 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated Aug 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Mar 2025 | $9,8312025 | Amount on Record Apr 2007 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $499,000Oct 2016 | $8,1042025 | Amount on Record Aug 2015 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
3,282 sqft · built 2010 · 0.057 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $505,986Aug 2016 | $8,1042025 | Amount on Record Aug 2015 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $201,000Aug 2000 | $9,5612025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $188,500Aug 2000 | $10,1172025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $144,000May 2000 | $9,8312025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $650,000Dec 2008 | $10,1512025 | Amount on Record Jul 2000 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $204,000May 2000 | $9,8312025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated Jun 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $10,0572025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $329,000Feb 2000 | $9,2322025 | Amount on Record Feb 1999 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $329,000Apr 2000 | $8,9302025 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $139,000Jul 2000 | $9,8312025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $329,000May 2000 | $8,8742025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $315,000Jul 2000 | $3,7512025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.097 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $730,000Apr 2008 | $10,1172025 | Amount on Record Nov 2004 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $925,000Sep 2025 | $8,8202025 | —Aug 2000 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated Jul 2026 |
2,484 sqft · built 1999 · 0.102 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $36,885Jun 2000 | $9,5652025 | Amount on Record — | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,450 sqft · built 1999 · 0.114 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $315,000Aug 2000 | $4,5522025 | —Jun 2000 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $530,000Aug 2014 | $8,2492025 | Amount on Record Jul 2005 | 2 Names on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $655,000Jan 2007 | $7,9642025 | Amount on Record Nov 1999 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $262,000Apr 1999 | $7,9642025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $125,500Apr 1999 | $7,9642025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $110,500Mar 1999 | $7,9642025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $780,000Sep 2021 | $8,2492025 | Amount on Record Jan 1999 | 2 Names on Record | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $110,500Nov 1998 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $110,500Jan 1999 | $8,2492025 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,400 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $950,000Sep 2022 | $8,2492025 | Amount on Record Jan 1999 | 2 Names on Record | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,401 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $530,000Apr 2012 | $7,9642025 | Amount on Record Apr 1999 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $132,500Jan 1999 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $665,000Jan 2018 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record | Assessor + 2 DocumentsUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Dec 1998 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $249,000Oct 1998 | $7,9642025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $360,000Oct 2003 | $8,2492025 | Amount on Record Oct 1998 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $256,000Nov 1998 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $254,000Oct 1998 | $7,9642025 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $520,000Jul 2015 | $8,2492025 | Amount on Record Apr 1999 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | Assessor + 1 DocumentUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $99,500Dec 1998 | $8,2492025 | 1 Name on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
2,300 sqft · built 1998 · 0.091 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —Sep 2024 | $7,9642025 | Amount on Record Nov 1998 | 2 Names on Record Owner Occupied | AssessorUpdated Aug 2026 |
1,703 sqft · built 1920 · 0.086 acres
| Last Sale | Tax Bill | Prior Sale | Owner | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $460,000Sep 2006 | $6,8672025 | Amount on Record May 2006 | 1 Name on Record | AssessorUpdated May 2026 |
Source: USDA Forest Service Wildfire Risk to Communities · 2nd edition (2024), fuels as of 2020
| Wildfire Risk | Not rated no burnable land in reach |
|---|---|
| Wildfire Likelihood | Negligible |
| Exposure | None beyond ember reach |